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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Endothelial dysfunction in systemic sclerosis.

Nezam Altorok¹, Yongqing Wang, Bashar Kahaleh

¹Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

|September 6, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) dysfunction is central to systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. Recent findings reveal MVEC injury impacts fibroblast activation and involves epigenetic factors, anti-endothelial antibodies, and growth factor signaling defects.

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Last Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

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Published on: August 20, 2019

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

Vascular Biology
Immunology
Rheumatology

Background:

Microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) injury is an early event in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis.
Understanding MVEC dysfunction is crucial for SSc research.

Purpose of the Study:

To update on the role of MVECs in SSc pathogenesis.
To elucidate mechanisms of MVEC dysfunction in SSc.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature.
Analysis of emerging evidence on MVEC injury mechanisms in SSc.

Main Results:

MVECs play a central role in SSc, beyond vascular disease initiation.
MVEC dysfunction contributes to fibroblast activation via cytokines and growth factors.
Epigenetic factors, progenitor cell defects, anti-endothelial antibodies (e.g., anti-ICAM-1), and impaired VEGF signaling are implicated in SSc pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

MVEC dysfunction is a key pathogenic element in SSc.
The initial triggers for MVEC dysfunction in SSc remain unidentified.