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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

$Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction$

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Comparison between magnetic force microscopy and electron back-scatter diffraction for ferrite quantification in type

A D Warren¹, R L Harniman², A M Collins³

¹Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK.

Ultramicroscopy

|September 8, 2014

Summary

Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) and Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) are compared for analyzing steel microstructures. MFM

Keywords:

Austenite Electron backscatter diffraction Ferrite Magnetic force microscopy Type 321 stainless steel

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgy
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Several analytical techniques exist for characterizing steel microstructures, including austenite, ferrite, and precipitate phases.
Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) offers selective detection of ferromagnetic phases, making it valuable for stainless steel microstructural studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) and Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) for morphological mapping and quantification of ferrite in steels.
To investigate the critical role of sub-surface measurement depth in the comparison of MFM and EBSD.

Main Methods:

Application of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) for local microstructure analysis.
Utilizing surface shielding techniques to determine MFM measurement depth.
Comparison of MFM and Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) capabilities.

Main Results:

The sub-surface measurement depth was identified as a critical factor in comparing MFM and EBSD for ferrite quantification.
Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) demonstrated a measurement depth of 105-140 nm when employing surface shielding.
Differences in measurement depth influence the morphological mapping and quantification accuracy of both techniques.

Conclusions:

The study highlights the importance of considering measurement depth when selecting between MFM and EBSD for steel microstructure analysis.
MFM's ferromagnetic selectivity and defined measurement depth provide valuable insights into local steel microstructures.
Both MFM and EBSD possess distinct capabilities and limitations that must be understood for accurate phase analysis in steels.