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Density-based separation in multiphase systems provides a simple method to identify sickle cell disease.

Ashok A Kumar1, Matthew R Patton2, Jonathan W Hennek2

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A new diagnostic method using aqueous multiphase systems (AMPSs) can rapidly identify sickle cell disease (SCD) by detecting dense red blood cells. This low-cost test offers a promising solution for diagnosing SCD in resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Biochemistry
  • Point-of-care diagnostics

Background:

  • Child mortality from sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in low-resource areas due to limited diagnostic accessibility.
  • Dense red blood cells (ρ > 1.120 g/cm(3)) are a characteristic indicator of SCD.
  • Existing diagnostic methods may not be suitable for resource-limited settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of aqueous multiphase systems (AMPSs) for diagnosing SCD.
  • To determine if AMPSs can differentiate between SCD subtypes (Hb SS and Hb SC).
  • To assess the utility of AMPSs as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for SCD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fluid, self-assembling step-gradients in density created by AMPSs.
  • Separated red blood cells by density using a microhematocrit centrifuge.
  • Visually evaluated two-phase and three-phase AMPS systems to identify SCD and its subtypes.

Main Results:

  • The two-phase AMPS system identified SCD with 90% sensitivity and 97% specificity.
  • The three-phase AMPS system identified SCD with 91% sensitivity and 88% specificity.
  • Both systems could distinguish between homozygous (Hb SS) and heterozygous (Hb SC) SCD, with the three-phase system showing better differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • AMPSs provide a rapid (under 12 min) and visual method for SCD diagnosis.
  • This technique demonstrates the first use of AMPSs for cell density separation.
  • AMPSs show significant potential for point-of-care hematological diagnostics in resource-limited areas.