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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
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Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis
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[Alcoholism and home environment].

F Cupella1, I Giorgi, G Vittadini

  • 1Fondazione Clinica del Lavoro S. Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Pavia.

Giornale Italiano Di Medicina Del Lavoro
|May 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcoholism affects many, but household drinking patterns, particularly in women, are poorly understood. This study highlights socio-cultural factors influencing female alcoholism and the family

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Area of Science:

  • Social Science
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Context:

  • Alcoholism represents a significant societal issue with under-researched prevalence and characteristics within domestic settings.
  • Historically, household alcoholism was inaccurately perceived as predominantly a female issue.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the specific patterns and contributing factors of alcoholism within the home environment.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the frequency and characteristics of alcoholism in household environments.
  • To compare male and female alcoholic patients regarding drinking behaviors and socio-cultural influences.
  • To examine the role of the family in the development, progression, and management of alcoholism.

Summary:

  • The study analyzed two distinct groups of male and female alcoholics.
  • Findings indicate females exhibit a higher propensity for household drinking, attributed to socio-cultural factors rather than distinct psychological profiles.
  • The significant influence of family dynamics on the etiology, progression, and treatment of alcoholism was observed.

Impact:

  • This research sheds light on gender-specific patterns in household alcoholism, emphasizing socio-cultural determinants.
  • It underscores the critical role of family involvement in addressing alcoholism.
  • The findings can inform public health strategies and therapeutic interventions for alcoholism, particularly concerning domestic contexts and gender differences.