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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Genetic variation: effect on prostate cancer.

Tristan M Sissung1, Douglas K Price1, Marzia Del Re2

  • 1National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

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Summary

This review explores how genetic variations (polymorphisms) in key prostate cancer genes influence disease development, progression, and treatment response. Understanding these genetic factors is vital for personalized medicine approaches.

Keywords:
Androgen deprivation therapyChemotherapyPharmacogenomicsProstate cancerSteroid

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Androgens are critical in prostate cancer development.
  • Genetic variations (polymorphisms) in regulatory genes play a significant role.
  • Understanding these polymorphisms is key to targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of germline and somatic polymorphisms in prostate cancer.
  • To examine genes involved in androgen synthesis, signaling, and angiogenesis.
  • To discuss the impact of polymorphisms on prostate cancer etiology, progression, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on genetic polymorphisms in prostate cancer.
  • Analysis of genes in androgen pathways, androgen receptor, signal transduction, and angiogenesis.
  • Examination of pharmacogenetics of prostate cancer treatments.

Main Results:

  • Germline and somatic polymorphisms influence multiple pathways in prostate cancer.
  • These variations affect disease etiology, progression, and treatment outcomes.
  • New treatments targeting deregulated pathways, like CYP17 inhibitors, have been developed.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic polymorphisms significantly impact prostate cancer development and progression.
  • Pharmacogenetics of treatments are influenced by germline variations.
  • Further research into genetic variations can lead to improved therapeutic strategies.