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In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is...
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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Extraction of Non-Protein Amino Acids from Cyanobacteria for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Brain amino acid sensing.

T Tsurugizawa1, H Uneyama, K Torii

  • 1Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan.

Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
|September 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut-brain axis uses glutamate signaling to maintain amino acid balance and regulate appetite. This discovery highlights how the body identifies nutrient deficiencies, promoting healthier eating habits.

Keywords:
activin A activityamino acid homeostasisdiet-induced thermogenesisessential amino acidgastric vagal afferentglutamate signallinggut-brain axislateral hypothalamusneural plasticityumami taste preference

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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Amino acid levels in blood and brain remain constant daily, irrespective of food intake.
  • Gastric vagal afferents detect free glutamate and sugars, initiating digestion and signaling food intake.
  • Glutamate signaling via the gut-brain axis controls amino acid homeostasis and diet-induced thermogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of glutamate signaling in nutrient homeostasis and appetite regulation.
  • To explore the body's mechanisms for identifying and correcting nutrient deficiencies.
  • To understand the impact of diet composition on obesity and metabolic health.

Main Methods:

  • Observational studies on rats fed high-sugar and high-fat diets with and without monosodium glutamate (MSG) solutions.
  • Induction of lysine deficiency in rats to observe adaptive plasticity.
  • Analysis of brain activity, particularly in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), in response to nutrient availability and taste signals.

Main Results:

  • Rats fed high-sugar/high-fat diets did not become obese when offered MSG solutions.
  • Lysine deficiency induced specific plasticity in rats, demonstrating nutrient identification.
  • Activin A activity in the LHA mediated this plastic effect, linking glutamate signaling to nutrient intake regulation.
  • MSG solutions were preferred by rats post-malnutrition, serving as biomarkers for protein status.

Conclusions:

  • Glutamate signaling through the gut-brain axis is crucial for maintaining amino acid homeostasis and regulating appetite.
  • The brain can detect nutrient deficiencies and induce adaptive responses to restore balance.
  • Umami taste perception, mediated by glutamate, plays a key role in regulating the ingestion of deficient nutrients, potentially preventing obesity and promoting health.