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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Microbial communities forming biofilms and mats represent complex, spatially structured ecosystems where metabolic processes are stratified according to light, oxygen, and nutrient gradients. Biofilms are initial colonization stages, only a few millimeters thick, while mature microbial mats can reach centimeter-scale thickness and display intricate vertical organization. Their structural and functional heterogeneity allows microorganisms to occupy distinct ecological niches within a few...
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Bioreactor Design and Operational System01:29

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Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities
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Simultaneous partial nitritation and anammox at low temperature with granular sludge.

T Lotti1, R Kleerebezem1, Z Hu2

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, Delft 2628 BC, The Netherlands.

Water Research
|September 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Autotrophic nitrogen removal using granular sludge in a single reactor is feasible for energy-efficient wastewater treatment. Dissolved oxygen control is key to suppressing nitrification and achieving high nitrogen removal rates.

Keywords:
AnammoxAutotrophic nitrogen removalGranular sludgeLow temperatureMainstream conditionsNitratation/NOB suppression

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Microbiology
  • Wastewater Treatment

Background:

  • Energy autarchic wastewater treatment plants require efficient mainstream autotrophic nitrogen removal.
  • Autotrophic nitrogen removal processes are crucial for sustainable wastewater management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of autotrophic nitrogen removal in a single reactor using granular sludge.
  • To assess the impact of temperature and dissolved oxygen on nitrogen removal efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Operation of a lab-scale gas-lift sequencing batch reactor with granular sludge for over 500 days.
  • Controlled operation at varying temperatures (20-10°C) and ammonium concentrations (60-160 mg-N L⁻¹).
  • Utilized dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration as a control parameter to suppress nitrification.

Main Results:

  • Effective suppression of nitrification was achieved at 20°C and 15°C using DO control.
  • Nitrogen removal rates reached 0.4 g-NTot L⁻¹ d⁻¹ with efficiencies of 75-85%.
  • Prolonged operation at 10°C led to a decline in anammox activity and process efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Autotrophic nitrogen removal in a single reactor with granular sludge is a viable concept for mainstream wastewater treatment.
  • DO control is a critical factor for successful autotrophic nitrogen removal, especially at moderate temperatures.
  • Low temperatures (10°C) negatively impact anammox activity, requiring further investigation for optimization.