Selective protein denitrosylation activity of Thioredoxin-h5 modulates plant Immunity

In eukaryotes, bursts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species mediate cellular responses to the environment by modifying cysteines of signaling proteins. Cysteine reactivity toward nitric oxide (NO) leads to formation of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) that play important roles in pathogenesis and immunity. However, it remains poorly understood how SNOs are employed as specific, reversible signaling cues. Here we show that in plant immunity the oxidoreductase Thioredoxin-h5 (TRXh5) reverses SNO modifications by acting as a selective protein-SNO reductase. While TRXh5 failed to restore immunity in gsnor1 mutants that display excessive accumulation of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione, it rescued immunity in nox1 mutants that exhibit elevated levels of free NO. Rescue by TRXh5 was conferred through selective denitrosylation of excessive protein-SNO, which reinstated signaling by the immune hormone salicylic acid. Our data indicate that TRXh5 discriminates between protein-SNO substrates to provide previously unrecognized specificity and reversibility to protein-SNO signaling in plant immunity.