Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Factors Affecting Perception

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Real-time reinforcement for human-machine interface control.

Neuron·2026

Same author

Pupil size variations reveal Bayesian inference in cognitive arithmetic.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026

Same author

Development of a New Electronic Death Certificate and Death Management Module Integrated Into the Health Information System of a Tertiary Hospital in Mali: Implementation Report.

JMIR medical informatics·2025

Same author

Fronto-motor circuits linked to effort-based decision-making and apathy in healthy subjects.

Communications biology·2025

Same author

Who Are the Hybrid Ceramics? A Bibliometric Review.

The International journal of prosthodontics·2025

Same author

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation boosts accuracy during perceptual decision-making.

Brain stimulation·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Published on: January 6, 2023

Pupil size variations correlate with physical effort perception.

Alexandre Zénon¹, Mariam Sidibé¹, Etienne Olivier¹

¹COSY, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

|September 10, 2014

Summary

Pupil diameter increases with physical effort, mirroring mental effort responses. This indicates pupil size reflects task effort, whether cognitive or physical, suggesting shared neural pathways.

Keywords:

effort effort-based decision making physical exertion psychophysiology pupil dilation pupillometry

More Related Videos

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Published on: January 6, 2023

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Author Spotlight: An Accurate and Quantitative Approach to Study Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Physiology
Human Effort

Background:

Pupil diameter increases with mental task difficulty.
The relationship between pupil size and physical effort is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if pupil size changes correlate with physical effort intensity and perception.
To determine if pupil response to effort is similar for physical and mental tasks.

Main Methods:

Healthy volunteers performed a power grip task at varying intensities.
Pupil size was monitored concurrently with implicit and explicit effort evaluations.
Effort perception was measured via force replication choices and analog scale ratings.

Main Results:

Pupil diameter increased significantly during physical effort.
The magnitude of pupil dilation reflected both actual contraction intensity and perceived effort.
Findings suggest pupil response is a general indicator of invested effort.

Conclusions:

Pupil size serves as a reliable indicator of effort investment across both physical and mental tasks.
Results imply convergence of physical and mental effort processing in the brain.
This research refines understanding of neural circuits involved in effort valuation.