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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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Disrupted human-pathogen co-evolution: a model for disease.

Nuri Kodaman1, Rafal S Sobota1, Robertino Mera2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA.

Frontiers in Genetics
|September 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disrupted co-evolution between pathogens and hosts, not just individual genetic variations, explains infectious disease outcomes. Incorporating genome-by-genome interactions is crucial for accurate disease etiology research.

Keywords:
Helicobacter pyloriMycobacterium tuberculosisgenome–genome interactionshost–pathogen co-evolutionhuman diseasehuman papillomavirus

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious disease research
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Identifying human and pathogen genetic variants is key to understanding microbial pathogenesis.
  • Neither host nor pathogen genetic variation alone adequately explains disease heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a model where disrupted co-evolution between pathogen and host explains variations in infectious disease outcomes.
  • To emphasize the importance of genome-by-genome interactions in genetic models of infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual model development.
  • Discussion of the model in the context of Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and human papillomavirus.

Main Results:

  • Genetic epidemiological studies must consider both pathogen and host factors to avoid misleading conclusions.
  • Disrupted co-evolution offers a framework for understanding disease etiology variation.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating genome-by-genome interactions into genetic models is essential for accurate infectious disease research.
  • The proposed model provides a generalized approach applicable to various infectious agents.