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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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[Ectopic parathyroid adenoma].

Inês Simões1, Isabel Marcão, Elisabette Alves

  • 1Serviços de Medicina 1.4 e de Radiologia do Hospital de S. José e Serviço de Cirurgia Cardio-Torácica do Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Centro, Portugal.

Revista Portuguesa De Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica E Vascular : Orgao Oficial Da Sociedade Portuguesa De Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica E Vascular
|September 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ectopic parathyroid adenoma, a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, presents diagnostic challenges. Successful surgical resection of a mediastinal adenoma normalized persistent hypercalcemia.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by parathyroid adenomas.
  • Ectopic parathyroid adenomas are rare and can present diagnostic difficulties.
  • Mediastinal parathyroid adenomas are a subset of ectopic adenomas requiring specific diagnostic and surgical considerations.

Observation:

  • A case of persistent asymptomatic hypercalcemia was investigated.
  • Preoperative imaging studies were crucial for locating the ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma.
  • The patient presented with symptoms attributable to hypercalcemia secondary to the adenoma.

Findings:

  • An ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma was identified as the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Imaging modalities successfully localized the mediastinal tumor prior to surgery.
  • Surgical resection of the adenoma led to a prompt normalization of serum calcium levels.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering ectopic locations for parathyroid adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Accurate preoperative imaging is essential for planning surgical intervention in mediastinal parathyroid adenomas.
  • Successful management of ectopic parathyroid adenomas can resolve hypercalcemia and associated complications.