Multiple sclerosis: a review of the disease and treatment options

To provide a review of the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic findings, and treatment options for multiple sclerosis (MS).

A PubMed search of English language articles using a combination of words: elderly; multiple sclerosis*, late onset multiple sclerosis*, etiology; screening; diagnosis; or treatment to identify original studies, guidelines, and reviews on multiple sclerosis and late-onset multiple sclerosis, published 2002 to 2013. Primary sources were then used to search for additional relevant material.

Original studies, clinical reviews, references, and guidelines were obtained and evaluated for their clinical relevance.

The literature included guidelines and considerations for the etiology, diagnosis, screening, and management of MS.

MS is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and local axonal injury. It typically presents between ages 20 and 40 and largely affects women. However, 2% to 10% of individuals are diagnosed after 50 years of age. Diagnosis is based on presentation of clinical symptoms and the McDonald criteria for diagnosing MS. Management focuses on suppression of the immune system and prevention of relapses.