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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

11
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
11
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.0K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.0K
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

10
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
10
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

14
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
14
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

12
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
12
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

13
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
13

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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[Incidental finding: elevated TSH level].

M Faust1, W Krone

  • 1Zentrum für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Präventivmedizin, Uniklinik Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Köln, Deutschland, michael.faust@uk-koeln.de.

Der Internist
|September 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Routine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) testing can reveal elevated levels. Further investigation is recommended for confirmed high TSH, guiding diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Laboratory Science
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Context:

  • Increased incidental detection of elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels due to routine screening and pre-contrast medium testing.
  • Asymptomatic patients with slightly elevated TSH require repeat measurements for confirmation.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic pathway for incidentally detected elevated TSH levels.
  • To guide the management of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism.
  • To consider rare thyroid conditions when peripheral hormones are also elevated.

Summary:

  • Elevated TSH necessitates confirmation via repeat testing.
  • Confirmed high TSH warrants further evaluation including peripheral thyroid hormones, autoantibodies, and ultrasound.
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease is a common cause of hypothyroidism requiring levothyroxine therapy.
  • The optimal TSH threshold for initiating therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism remains uncertain.
  • Simultaneously elevated peripheral thyroid hormones suggest rare conditions like secondary hyperthyroidism or thyroid hormone resistance.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for thyroid dysfunction.
  • Standardized approach to managing incidentally discovered thyroid abnormalities.
  • Facilitates timely initiation of appropriate treatment for hypothyroidism.
  • Raises awareness for the investigation of rare endocrine disorders.