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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.8K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

2.4K
Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
2.9K
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

2.8K
Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
2.8K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.8K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
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Ferromagnetic interactions in Mn3+ based perovskites.

I O Troyanchuk1, D Karpinsky, V Efimov

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Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|September 11, 2014
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Summary

These lanthanum strontium manganese oxide compounds exhibit ferromagnetism, with magnetic moments around 3 Bohr magnetons per manganese ion. Structural transitions occur above the magnetic ordering temperature, suggesting superexchange interactions drive the magnetic state.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Investigating perovskite manganites for their magnetic and structural properties.
  • Understanding the role of isovalent Mn3+ ions in magnetic ordering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize La0.7Sr0.3Mn(3+)0.85Sb(5+)0.15O3 and La0.7Sr0.3Mn(3+)0.8Sb(5+)0.1Ge(4+)0.1O3.
  • To determine the magnetic and structural transitions in these compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron powder diffraction
  • Magnetization measurements

Main Results:

  • Both compounds display ferromagnetic behavior with magnetic moments exceeding 3 Bohr magnetons per manganese ion.
  • A structural transition from rhombohedral to orbitally disordered orthorhombic phase was observed upon cooling.
  • These structural transitions occur at temperatures significantly higher than the magnetic ordering temperature (Tc ≈ 130 K).

Conclusions:

  • The ferromagnetic state is primarily governed by Mn(3+)-O-Mn(3+) superexchange interactions.
  • Mn(eg)-O(2p) hybridization enhances these superexchange interactions, contributing to the observed ferromagnetism.