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Human retroviruses: a common virology.

M Kaplan1

  • 1Section of Infectious Disease and Immunology, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY.

Transfusion Medicine Reviews
|January 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Five human retroviruses, including HTLV and HIV, are identified. While HTLV immortalizes CD4 cells, leading to T-cell leukemia, HIV causes immunodeficiency and AIDS, with both transmitted sexually and via blood.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Five human retroviruses are known: human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I), HTLV-II, HTLV-V, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and HIV-2.
  • These viruses are evolutionarily linked to animal lentiviruses, with simian retroviruses (STLV-I, STLV-III) closely related to HTLV-I and HIV-2, respectively.
  • Human retroviruses exhibit diverse pathogenic mechanisms, impacting CD4+ T-cells differently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the biological activities and associated diseases of human retroviruses.
  • To highlight the distinct effects of HTLV and HIV on CD4+ T-cells and immune function.
  • To outline transmission routes and implications for public health interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of retroviral classifications and known pathogenic effects.
  • Review of clinical manifestations associated with different human retroviruses.
  • Examination of transmission pathways and preventative strategies.

Main Results:

  • HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and possibly HTLV-V are transforming agents that immortalize CD4+ T-cells, potentially leading to T-cell leukemia and mycosis fungoides.
  • HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause CD4+ T-cell lysis, resulting in severe immunodeficiency and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • All human retroviruses are transmitted sexually and through blood; transfusional transmission of AIDS and lymphoma can be mitigated by serologic testing.

Conclusions:

  • Human retroviruses present distinct clinical outcomes, ranging from T-cell immortalization and leukemia (HTLV) to severe immunodeficiency and AIDS (HIV).
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Effective screening of blood supplies significantly reduces transfusion-associated retroviral infections.

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