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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Cross-bridge Cycle

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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Muscle wasting: an overview of recent developments in basic research.

Sandra Palus1, Stephan von Haehling1, Jochen Springer2

  • 1Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

International Journal of Cardiology
|September 11, 2014
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Muscle wasting conditions like cachexia and sarcopenia increase patient mortality. Recent research identifies new therapeutic targets and biomarkers, such as D(3)-creatine, to combat muscle loss.

Keywords:
CachexiaMuscle wastingSignalingTarget

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Skeletal muscle physiology
  • Disease pathology

Background:

  • Muscle wasting syndromes, including cachexia, sarcopenia, and atrophy, are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality.
  • These conditions represent a substantial socio-economic burden due to their prevalence and associated healthcare costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in basic research concerning skeletal muscle loss.
  • To highlight key findings from the past three years on the causes, effects, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers of muscle wasting.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on publications from the last three years.
  • Analysis of recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting.
  • Identification of emerging therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Identified E3 ligases (TRIM32, SOCS1/3, Mul1), MST1 kinase, and Gαi2 G-protein as key targets in muscle wasting.
  • D(3)-creatine shows promise as a novel biomarker for monitoring skeletal muscle mass changes.
  • Despite significant research efforts, no new therapies for muscle wasting have been approved recently.

Conclusions:

  • Ongoing research by academic and pharmaceutical entities focuses on novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for muscle wasting.
  • Muscle wasting remains a critical unmet medical need, necessitating continued development of effective treatments.
  • D(3)-creatine offers a potential tool for tracking therapeutic efficacy by monitoring skeletal muscle mass.