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Related Concept Videos

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
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The narwhal (Monodon monoceros) cementum-dentin junction: a functionally graded biointerphase.

Kathryn Grandfield1, Netta Lev-Tov Chattah2, Sabra Djomehri1

  • 1Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine
|September 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Narwhal teeth feature a unique cementum-dentin layer with graded structural, mechanical, and chemical properties. This biological interphase enhances resistance to mechanical loads, offering insights into natural tissue engineering.

Keywords:
Monodon monocerosbiomechanicscementum–dentin junctionfunctional interfacenarwhal

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Biomineralization
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Biological interfaces often feature graded zones that provide unique functional properties at the organ level.
  • The narwhal tooth's cementum-dentin junction serves as a prime example of such a biological interphase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the graded structural, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of the narwhal tooth's cementum-dentin junction layer.
  • To understand how these properties contribute to resisting mechanical loads.

Main Methods:

  • Light and electron microscopy to analyze structural properties.
  • Compression testing and site-specific nanoindentation to assess mechanical behavior.
  • Microindentation for hardness measurements.
  • Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron-source microprobe X-ray fluorescence for chemical composition analysis.

Main Results:

  • The cementum-dentin layer is a 1000-2000 μm graded zone with continuous collagen fiber bundles.
  • The layer exhibits greater deformation under compression compared to cementum and dentin.
  • Lower elastic modulus (2.2 ± 0.5 GPa) and hardness (0.3 ± 0.07 GPa) were observed in the interphase.
  • Graded composition was confirmed, with decreasing mineral-to-matrix and phosphate-to-carbonate ratios, and Zn-containing bands.

Conclusions:

  • The graded nature of the cementum-dentin junction layer is crucial for its mechanical resilience.
  • Understanding these structure-function relationships in biological interphases can inform tissue engineering strategies.