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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
Published on: August 9, 2024
Outcomes in spasticity after repetitive transcranial magnetic and transcranial direct current stimulations
Aysegul Gunduz1, Hatice Kumru2, Alvaro Pascual-Leone3
1Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Abstract:
Non-invasive brain stimulations mainly consist of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation exhibits satisfactory outcomes in improving multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury and cerebral palsy-induced spasticity. By contrast, transcranial direct current stimulation has only been studied in post-stroke spasticity. To better validate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulations in improving the spasticity post-stroke, more prospective cohort studies involving large sample sizes are needed.
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