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The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Parathyroid carcinoma: a silent presentation.

Sangeetha Kolluri¹, Karan Lal¹, Robert Chang¹

¹1 Flushing Hospital Medical Center, 4500 Parsons Blvd, Flushing, NY 11355, USA ; 2 New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, PO BOX 8000 Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.

|September 11, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually benign. Rarely, parathyroid carcinoma can mimic benign adenomas, presenting with subtle symptoms until confirmed by pathology.

Keywords:

Hyperparathyroidism mutation parathyroid

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Primary hyperparathyroidism is most frequently caused by benign parathyroid adenomas.
Parathyroid malignancy is a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Observation:

A case presented with suspected benign parathyroid adenoma causing primary hyperparathyroidism.
The patient lacked overt signs and symptoms typically associated with parathyroid malignancy.

Findings:

Histopathologic diagnosis revealed parathyroid carcinoma, not a benign adenoma.
Parathyroid carcinoma can present clinically similar to benign parathyroid adenomas.

Implications:

This case highlights the potential for parathyroid malignancy to be clinically masked.
Definitive histologic diagnosis is crucial for differentiating benign from malignant parathyroid disease.