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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

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Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Related Experiment Video

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Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
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Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus.

Manya Prasad1, Pudukode R Krishnan, Reginald Sequeira

  • 1Department of Neurology, All India Institue of Medical Sciences, C-II/7Ansari Nagar East, AIIMS Campus, Ansarinagar, New Delhi, India, 110029.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|September 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency. Intravenous lorazepam is more effective than diazepam or phenytoin for seizure cessation and has a lower risk of requiring additional treatment. Intramuscular midazolam may be more effective for pre-hospital SE management.

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Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Neurology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological emergency.
  • Effective and safe treatment is crucial to reduce mortality and morbidity.
  • Existing literature shows some disagreement on optimal treatment regimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy and safety of anticonvulsants for status epilepticus.
  • To evaluate treatments against each other and placebo.
  • To identify reasons for discrepancies in treatment recommendations and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified through comprehensive database searches up to August 2013.
  • Inclusion criteria: RCTs of patients with various stages of status epilepticus (premonitory to refractory).
  • Data extraction and quality assessment performed independently by two reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Intravenous lorazepam demonstrated superior efficacy over placebo and intravenous diazepam/phenytoin in seizure cessation.
  • Intramuscular midazolam showed comparable or superior effectiveness to intravenous lorazepam in pre-hospital settings.
  • Evidence for other comparisons and long-term adverse effects was limited or uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Intravenous lorazepam is a preferred first-line agent for status epilepticus compared to diazepam or phenytoin.
  • Intramuscular midazolam is a viable and potentially more effective option for pre-hospital seizure management.
  • Further research is needed due to limited high-quality evidence and uncertainties in treatment comparisons.