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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Olfactory receptor patterning in a higher primate.

Lisa F Horowitz1, Luis R Saraiva1, Donghui Kuang1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|September 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The macaque olfactory system shares some organizational strategies with mice, but differs in sensory input zoning. Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are present in macaques, suggesting a role in human olfaction and detecting harmful food odors.

Keywords:
macaqueodorant receptorprimatetrace-amine associated receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory receptor research
  • Primate sensory systems

Background:

  • Mammalian olfactory systems detect environmental chemicals, with odorant receptors (ORs) providing insights into olfaction.
  • Understanding the conservation of olfactory strategies between rodents and primates is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conservation of olfactory system organization and chemosensory receptor expression in macaques, a higher primate.
  • To compare macaque olfaction to that of mice.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of sensory input organization in the macaque nose.
  • Analysis of odorant receptor (OR) gene expression and spatial distribution.
  • Investigation of trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) expression in macaques.

Main Results:

  • Macaque olfactory system shows similarities to mice, with interspersed neurons expressing different ORs and spatial zoning.
  • Macaques exhibit two broad olfactory sensory zones, unlike the multiple discrete bands found in mice.
  • Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are expressed in the macaque nose, similar to mice.
  • A specific human TAAR was found to respond to the smell of rotten fish.

Conclusions:

  • The organization of olfactory sensory inputs in primates differs from rodents, with implications for evolutionary divergence.
  • The presence of TAARs in macaques suggests their importance in human olfactory perception, potentially for detecting spoilage or pathogens.
  • TAARs may function as sentinels against ingesting contaminated food.