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Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications

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Fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine.

B Huybrechts¹, J C Martins², Ph Debongnie¹

¹Unit Toxins and Natural Components, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.

Archives of Toxicology

|September 12, 2014

Summary

Human urine analysis reveals widespread exposure to mycotoxins like deoxynivalenol and citrinin. Deoxynivalenol glucuronides are key biomarkers, with citrinin exposure potentially underestimated.

Keywords:

Biomarkers Glucuronides LC–MS/MS Mycotoxin exposure Urine

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ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

Published on: October 23, 2009

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Toxicology
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Mycotoxin exposure is a significant public health concern.
Accurate measurement of mycotoxin biomarkers in human samples is crucial for exposure assessment.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are common food contaminants with known toxic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a direct, fast, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for measuring multiple mycotoxin exposure biomarkers in human urine.
To assess the exposure levels of Belgian volunteers to deoxynivalenol and its metabolites, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin.
To compare the prevalence and levels of different mycotoxin biomarkers in the study population.

Main Methods:

Development of a direct, fast, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.
Quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of 32 mycotoxin biomarkers in 32 human urine samples.
Confirmation of Ochratoxin A and Citrinin presence using immunoaffinity column cleanup followed by LC-MS/MS.

Main Results:

Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was detected in all urine samples (ng/mL range).
Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol-glucuronide were found in 90% and 25% of samples, respectively.
Ochratoxin A was detected in 70% of samples (pg/mL range), and Citrinin/dihydrocitrinone in 90% of samples (pg/mL range).
Deoxynivalenol glucuronides were identified as the primary biomarkers for deoxynivalenol exposure.

Conclusions:

Deoxynivalenol glucuronides are the major urinary biomarkers for deoxynivalenol exposure in the studied population.
Human exposure to Citrinin appears to be more prevalent than previously recognized.
Co-exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins Ochratoxin A and Citrinin warrants further investigation due to potential synergistic health risks.