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C Elisa Schaum1, Sinéad Collins2

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Plastic responses in marine microbes predict adaptation to environmental change, with fluctuating conditions favoring plasticity. This study shows plasticity influences the extent, but not direction, of evolution under elevated CO2.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Marine microbiology
  • Climate change science

Background:

  • Global change presents populations with four survival strategies: migrate, acclimate, adapt, or die.
  • Previous research indicated that populations from variable environments exhibit greater phenotypic plasticity.
  • Understanding the capacity for migration, acclimatization, and adaptation is crucial for predicting population persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive power of phenotypic plasticity on the extent of adaptation in marine microbes under elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).
  • To determine if plastic responses in non-growth traits can predict evolutionary changes in growth rates.
  • To explore the relationship between plasticity and evolution in fluctuating versus constant environments.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution using a marine microbe exposed to elevated pCO2.
  • Monitoring of phenotypic and genetic responses over 400 generations.
  • Analysis of the correlation between initial plastic responses and subsequent evolutionary trajectories.

Main Results:

  • Populations with higher plasticity showed greater adaptation to elevated pCO2.
  • Plasticity in traits other than growth accurately predicted evolutionary changes in growth rate.
  • The link between plasticity and evolution was strongest in fluctuating environments.
  • Plasticity predicted the magnitude but not the direction of phenotypic evolution.
  • Green algae initially increased cell division under elevated pCO2, but evolved to decrease it, improving stress tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic plasticity is a key factor predicting the extent of evolutionary adaptation in marine microbes facing environmental change.
  • Fluctuating environments enhance the evolution and maintenance of plasticity, strengthening its link to adaptation.
  • While plasticity guides the degree of adaptation, the specific direction of evolutionary change is not predetermined by plasticity alone.
  • Slower growth, coupled with the production of higher-quality daughter cells, may be an adaptive strategy under CO2 enrichment, enhancing resilience to further environmental shifts.