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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

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Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay
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Structure and function of nucleotide sugar transporters: Current progress.

Barbara Hadley1, Andrea Maggioni1, Angel Ashikov2

  • 1Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
|September 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) are crucial for protein glycosylation diversity in eukaryotes. This review details NST structure-function relationships, focusing on the well-characterized CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST).

Keywords:
CMP-sialic acid transporterEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusNucleotide sugar transportersSTD NMR spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Protein glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification vital for eukaryotic proteome diversity.
  • Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) are essential for delivering substrates for glycosylation from the cytosol to the ER and Golgi.
  • Understanding NSTs is critical, as defects in glycosylation are linked to various disease states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of NST structure and function, highlighting their role in disease.
  • To provide an in-depth analysis of the structure-function relationship of the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST).
  • To summarize research on mutations affecting CST transport activity, efficiency, and substrate specificity.

Main Methods:

  • Multidisciplinary approaches including computer predictions, mutagenesis, epitope-tagging, in-vitro assays, and phylogenetic analysis have been used to study NSTs.
  • Direct three-dimensional structural elucidation of NSTs remains challenging due to difficulties in crystallizing membrane proteins.
  • Focus on the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST) as the best-characterized NST to date.

Main Results:

  • The review details the structure and function of several key NSTs, including transporters for UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, GDP-fucose, and CMP-sialic acid.
  • Significant research has focused on the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST), providing insights into its transport mechanisms.
  • Mutagenesis studies have revealed critical information regarding the impact of specific mutations on CST's transport activity, efficiency, and substrate specificity.

Conclusions:

  • NSTs play a fundamental role in eukaryotic glycosylation, impacting proteome diversity and cellular function.
  • The CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST) serves as a model for understanding NST structure-function relationships, despite the lack of high-resolution structural data.
  • Continued research into NSTs, particularly the CST, is essential for understanding their roles in health and disease.