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An explanatory evo-devo model for the developmental hourglass.

Saamer Akhshabi1, Shrutii Sarda2, Constantine Dovrolis1

  • 1School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.

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|August 8, 2017
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The developmental hourglass model explains gene conservation during embryonic development. This study reveals that gene regulatory networks evolve to show an hourglass pattern, with the oldest genes at the conserved phylotypic stage.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The "developmental hourglass" describes conserved embryonic development stages across species.
  • Genomic studies show evidence for this hourglass effect, with conserved transcriptomes at the phylotypic stage.
  • The underlying regulatory mechanisms driving this pattern remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary model of gene regulatory networks during development.
  • To identify conditions for the emergence of the hourglass effect in gene regulation.
  • To explain the genomic hourglass pattern through regulatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an evolutionary model of hierarchical gene regulatory networks.
  • Simulated population evolution under random network perturbations.
  • Analyzed temporal representations of gene regulatory networks and gene evolutionary ages.

Main Results:

  • The model predicts an hourglass pattern in the gene regulatory network structure.
  • Gene evolutionary age also follows an hourglass pattern, with the oldest genes at the phylotypic stage.
  • Increasing functional specificity of developmental regulators over time is key to the hourglass effect.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for the developmental hourglass effect at the genomic level.
  • Gene regulatory network evolution can generate the observed hourglass pattern.
  • Experimental data from *Drosophila melanogaster* and *Arabidopsis thaliana* support the model's predictions.