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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Default spacing is the optimal spacing for word reading.

Madelon van den Boer¹, Britt E Hakvoort

¹a Research Institute of Child Development and Education , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|September 12, 2014

Summary

Increasing letter spacing does not improve reading fluency in young or struggling readers. Reduced spacing, however, can hinder reading performance, suggesting crowding effects are more impactful than letter spacing benefits.

Keywords:

Interletter spacing Reading fluency

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology

Background:

Increased interletter spacing is theorized to mitigate crowding effects and improve reading fluency.
Previous research suggests benefits for poor readers, but findings are inconclusive, with some studies showing impeded reading speed in adults.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of varying interletter spacings on word naming fluency.
To examine these effects in beginning (Grade 2), advanced (Grade 4) readers, and a subsample of poor readers.

Main Methods:

Evaluated naming fluency for monosyllabic and bisyllabic words across a range of interletter spacings (-0.5, default, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2).
Tested effects in Grade 2, Grade 4, and poor readers.

Main Results:

Neither beginning nor advanced readers showed improved reading fluency with increased interletter spacing.
Reduced reading fluency was observed at spacings smaller than default, indicating potential crowding effects.
Poor readers exhibited a similar pattern to typical readers.

Conclusions:

Increased interletter spacing does not enhance word naming fluency in beginning, advanced, or poor readers.
Spacing smaller than default negatively impacts reading fluency, consistent with crowding effects.
Current findings suggest interletter spacing adjustments are not an effective strategy for improving reading fluency in these populations.