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Related Concept Videos

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Immune modulation for cancer therapy.

J Naidoo1, D B Page1, J D Wolchok2

  • 1Medical Oncology Fellow, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.

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|September 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, like ipilimumab targeting CTLA-4, reinvigorate anti-tumor immune responses. This review covers their development, mechanism, and management for cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Immune modulation harnesses the patient's immune system for cancer control.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab, reinvigorate anti-tumor immune responses by modulating T-cell pathways.
  • Ipilimumab, the first FDA-approved immune checkpoint antibody, targets cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) for metastatic melanoma (MM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the preclinical and clinical development of ipilimumab.
  • To outline the mechanism of action for immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • To discuss the management of toxicities and assessment of treatment response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical data for ipilimumab.
  • Analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitor mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of toxicity management and response assessment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Ipilimumab has demonstrated efficacy in treating metastatic melanoma.
  • Other checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 are in development.
  • These agents show activity across multiple tumor types.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint antibodies represent a significant advancement in cancer therapy.
  • Understanding their mechanism, development, and management is crucial.
  • Lessons learned inform patient care and treatment strategies.