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Related Concept Videos

Prokaryotic Cells01:51

Prokaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains—Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
Like eukaryotic cells, all prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, have genetic material in the form of single, circular DNA, a cytoplasm that fills the interior of the cell, and ribosomes that synthesize proteins....
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Prokaryotic Cells01:28

Prokaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains — Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
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Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

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Genomic and cellular complexity from symbiotic simplicity.

Seth R Bordenstein1

  • 1Departments of Biological Sciences and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biologists discovered that a stable animal-microbe partnership expanded its complex network without acquiring new genetic material. This highlights the intricate and evolving nature of symbiotic relationships in biology.

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Area of Science:

  • Symbiotic microbiology
  • Animal-microbe interactions
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Symbiotic microorganisms profoundly influence animal life.
  • Understanding these relationships reveals nature's interconnectedness across biological scales.
  • Animal-microbe mutualisms are crucial for ecological stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms behind the expansion of intergenomic networks in established animal-microbe mutualisms.
  • To determine if increased network complexity requires the addition of new genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of a long-standing animal-microbe mutualism.
  • Investigation of network dynamics within the established symbiotic relationship.

Main Results:

  • A stable, long-term animal-microbe mutualism demonstrated an increase in its intergenomic network.
  • This network expansion occurred without the incorporation of any new genomes.
  • The study highlights the plasticity of symbiotic networks.

Conclusions:

  • Intergenomic networks in symbiotic relationships can increase in complexity without genetic augmentation.
  • This finding deepens our understanding of evolutionary strategies in mutualistic partnerships.
  • Nature's networkism demonstrates adaptability at various biological levels.