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Related Concept Videos

Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

129
The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
129
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.0K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
19.0K
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

100
A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
100
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

11.6K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
11.6K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

15.9K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
15.9K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

4.1K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

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Two-step nucleation mechanism in solid-solid phase transitions.

Yi Peng1, Feng Wang1, Ziren Wang1

  • 1Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.

Nature Materials
|September 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-solid phase transitions occur through a two-step pathway involving liquid nuclei, not direct nucleation. This discovery offers insights into controlling transition kinetics in materials science.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Microscopic kinetics of solid-solid phase transitions are not well understood.
  • Understanding these transitions is crucial for materials design and engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the microscopic kinetic pathways of solid-solid phase transitions.
  • To investigate the role of nucleation in lattice transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-particle-resolution video microscopy.
  • Studied colloidal films composed of diameter-tunable microspheres.
  • Analyzed transitions between square and triangular lattices.

Main Results:

  • Observed a two-step diffusive nucleation pathway involving liquid nuclei.
  • Found that the solid/liquid interface energy favors this pathway over direct nucleation.
  • Identified particle-swapping loops as nucleation precursors.
  • Noted differing energies and growth rates for coherent and incoherent facets of evolving nuclei.

Conclusions:

  • An intermediate liquid phase is likely involved in solid-solid transitions in metals and alloys.
  • Findings provide a basis for controlling transition kinetics.
  • Offers guidance for refining solid-solid transition theory.