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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Auditory Perception01:17

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
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[Speech perception in the first two years].

J Bertoncini1, L Cabrera1

  • 1Laboratoire psychologie de la perception, CNRS, université Paris Descartes, UMR 8242, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.

Archives De Pediatrie : Organe Officiel De La Societe Francaise De Pediatrie
|September 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infant speech perception refines from universal phonetic discrimination to language-specific patterns by age one. This specialization involves auditory, cognitive, and social interactions, shaping phonological development beyond two years.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Auditory neuroscience

Context:

  • Early auditory capacities, including discrimination, segmentation, and representation, are foundational for speech perception development.
  • Infants initially discriminate universal phonetic contrasts, but this ability narrows to their native language by the end of the first year.
  • The second year sees specialization in speech perception, marked by developing comprehension, lexical organization, and word production.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the intricate interplay of perceptual, cognitive, and social factors in the development of infant speech perception.
  • To examine the role of experience with the native language in establishing functional phonetic units and organized speech sound representations.
  • To understand the ongoing evolution of speech perception beyond 24 months within a complex learning environment.

Summary:

  • Speech perception development hinges on early auditory skills, with a critical period of specialization occurring in the first year of life.
  • This specialization is driven by interactions between perceptual, cognitive, and social abilities, influenced by factors like word acquisition and statistical learning.
  • Native language experience is crucial for refining phonetic perception and organizing speech sound representations, a process continuing beyond infancy.

Impact:

  • Provides insights into the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying language acquisition in infants.
  • Highlights the importance of early linguistic exposure and social interaction for optimal speech perception development.
  • Informs interventions and educational strategies aimed at supporting children with speech and language development challenges.