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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

9.3K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 19, 2011

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Cis-regulatory elements and human evolution.

Adam Siepel1, Leonardo Arbiza1

  • 1Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|September 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Changes to gene regulatory elements (cis-regulatory elements or CREs) drive human evolution. Recent genomic data enable genome-wide studies of CRE evolution, revealing insights into human genetic variation and transcriptional regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene regulation, particularly cis-regulatory elements (CREs), is crucial for human evolution.
  • Historically, data limitations hindered the study of cis-regulatory evolution.
  • Recent advances in genomic data provide new opportunities for studying CRE evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the evolution of CREs in humans.
  • To explore how large-scale genomic data sets inform our understanding of CRE evolution.
  • To discuss new frontiers in transcriptional regulation research.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of primate divergence data.
  • Examination of human polymorphism data.
  • Integration of divergence and polymorphism data for CRE evolution inferences.

Main Results:

  • Genome-wide studies of CREs are now feasible due to new data.
  • Inferences on CRE evolution can be drawn from primate and human genetic variation.
  • Recent research expands understanding of transcriptional regulation's role.

Conclusions:

  • Large-scale genomic data have revolutionized the study of cis-regulatory element evolution in humans.
  • Understanding CRE evolution is key to comprehending human genetic diversity and evolutionary history.
  • Future research directions involve integrating new findings in transcriptional regulation.