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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
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Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
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Ca(2+) handling alterations and vascular dysfunction in diabetes.

María Fernández-Velasco1, Gema Ruiz-Hurtado2, Ana M Gómez3

  • 1Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.

Cell Calcium
|September 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes causes vascular dysfunction due to impaired calcium (Ca2+) handling in blood vessels. This review explores how altered Ca2+ signaling in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to diabetic cardiovascular complications.

Keywords:
Calcium signalingCalcium sparksDiabetesEndotheliumVascular smooth muscle cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus significantly increases mortality from cardiovascular disease and stroke.
  • Hyperglycemia is a primary characteristic of diabetes, impacting vascular function.
  • Vascular dysfunction, including endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) alterations, is a key complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on Ca(2+) signaling alterations in diabetes.
  • To explore the role of VSMC Ca(2+) handling in diabetic vascular complications.
  • To summarize changes in endothelial and VSMC Ca(2+) signaling proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings.
  • Focus on Ca(2+) handling proteins in VSMCs and endothelium.
  • Analysis of signal transduction components and endothelial effectors.

Main Results:

  • Alterations in Ca(2+) handling in VSMCs are critical for diabetic vascular complications.
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a well-documented feature.
  • The Ca(2+) signalosome in VSMCs involves numerous proteins and is modulated by endothelial factors.

Conclusions:

  • Altered Ca(2+) signaling in vascular cells contributes to diabetic vascular dysfunction.
  • Understanding these Ca(2+) handling changes is crucial for addressing diabetic cardiovascular risks.
  • This review highlights key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular complications in diabetes.