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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

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Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus....
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:28

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

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Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

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Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
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Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice
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[Fetal Escobar syndrome--a case report].

Tomasz Olejniczak, Joanna Niepsuj-Biniaś, Dorota Rabiega-Gmyrek

    Ginekologia Polska
    |September 16, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Escobar variant of multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) is a rare genetic disorder causing severe fetal abnormalities. Postmortem diagnosis in one case led to successful prenatal diagnosis and a healthy birth in a subsequent pregnancy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Genetics
    • Prenatal Diagnosis
    • Fetal Abnormalities

    Background:

    • Multiple Pterygium Syndrome (MPS), particularly the Escobar variant, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.
    • MPS is associated with significant fetal abnormalities including pterygia, arthrogryposis, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

    Observation:

    • Increased fetal nuchal translucency was detected in the first trimester.
    • Ultrasonography in the second trimester revealed additional symptoms consistent with MPS.
    • Genetic amniocentesis initially showed no chromosomal abnormalities, leading to a postmortem diagnosis of Escobar syndrome.

    Findings:

    • The case highlights the diagnostic challenges of Escobar syndrome, often identified postmortem.
    • Subsequent parental and maternal genetic examinations were crucial for accurate diagnosis.
    • These genetic analyses enabled effective early prenatal diagnostics in a subsequent pregnancy.

    Implications:

    • Successful prenatal diagnosis in a subsequent pregnancy resulted in the birth of a healthy infant.
    • This underscores the importance of genetic testing for rare fetal conditions.
    • Early prenatal diagnosis can significantly improve outcomes for families affected by Escobar syndrome.