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The Retinoblastoma Gene

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...

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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation

Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation

Published on: January 14, 2014

Recurrent malignant gliomas.

John P Kirkpatrick¹, John H Sampson¹

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; Department of Surgery, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.

Seminars in Radiation Oncology

|September 16, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recurrent malignant gliomas lack a standard treatment. Bevacizumab, stereotactic radiosurgery, or their combination show modest benefits, but novel therapies are urgently needed.

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Radiation Oncology
Medical Oncology

Background:

Malignant gliomas frequently recur after standard treatments like surgery, radiation, and temozolomide.
Recurrence presents significant challenges in patient management and treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and present evidence for various treatment options for recurrent malignant gliomas.
To identify potentially beneficial therapeutic strategies and highlight the need for further research.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of treatment modalities for recurrent malignant gliomas.
Analysis of evidence supporting reoperation, alternating electric field therapy, chemotherapy, and stereotactic radiotherapy/radiosurgery.

Main Results:

No established standard of care exists for recurrent malignant gliomas.
Bevacizumab (anti-angiogenic agent), stereotactic radiotherapy/radiosurgery, and their combination show modest benefits.
Evidence for other treatment options is limited or inconclusive.

Conclusions:

Current treatment options for recurrent malignant gliomas offer limited efficacy.
Randomized clinical trials are essential to establish optimal treatment strategies.
Development of novel and more effective therapies is urgently required.