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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
Published on: December 4, 2020
Recurrent vulvovaginitis
Anna M Powell1, Paul Nyirjesy2
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine, Drexel Vaginitis Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Abstract:
Vulvovaginitis (VV) is one of the most commonly encountered problems by a gynecologist. Many women frequently self-treat with over-the-counter medications, and may present to their health-care provider after a treatment failure. Vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis may occur as discreet or recurrent episodes, and have been associated with significant treatment cost and morbidity. We present an update on diagnostic capabilities and treatment modalities that address recurrent and refractory episodes of VV.
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