Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

4.5K
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
4.5K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

1.4K
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
1.4K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

22.1K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
22.1K
Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

806
Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
806
Vagina01:26

Vagina

60.5K
The vaginal canal is a tubular structure averaging about 10 cm in length that acts as the entryway to the female reproductive system and the passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth. The interior walls of the vagina exhibit concentric folds called rugae and are topped by an area known as the fornix, which connects with the protruding cervical portion of the uterus. This canal is comprised of an external fibrous layer, a muscular middle layer, and an inner lining with mucosal rugae, which...
60.5K
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

1.2K
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Methodologic and analytic considerations in the CANDLE trial of ibrexafungerp for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (reply to letter to the editor).

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology·2026
Same author

Bacterial vaginosis male partner treatment in the United States.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology·2025
Same author

Effects of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Versus Non-INSTI Regimen Exposures in Pregnancy Outcomes, Maternal Weight Gain, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Suppression.

Journal of women's health (2002)·2025
Same author

Opportunities and Constraints to Equitable Implementation of the Revised Infant Feeding Guidelines for Pregnant and Lactating Persons Living With HIV in the United States: A Qualitative Study.

Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care·2025
Same author

Contemporary issues in gynecologic and reproductive health for women with HIV.

Current opinion in HIV and AIDS·2025
Same author

Patterns of Intravaginal Boric Acid and Probiotics Use Among Patients With Chronic Vulvovaginal Symptoms.

Journal of lower genital tract disease·2025
Same journal

A risk-based classification of late-onset fetal growth disorders according to intrapartum fetal compromise.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology·2026
Same journal

The Cardiac-Fetal-Placental Unit: links between umbilical venous flow and maternal hemodynamics in fetal growth restriction.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Psychosocial interventions for women who are pregnant following a previous reproductive loss: A scoping review.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Controversies in fetal therapy.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Alloimmunisation in pregnancy: current management and future perspectives.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Consensus in prenatal management of Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
08:53

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Published on: December 4, 2020

7.8K

Recurrent vulvovaginitis.

Anna M Powell1, Paul Nyirjesy2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine, Drexel Vaginitis Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|September 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vulvovaginitis (VV) is a common gynecological issue. This update reviews diagnostic and treatment options for recurrent and difficult-to-treat cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis.

Keywords:
bacterial vaginosistrichomoniasisvaginitisvulvaginal candidiasis

More Related Videos

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis
07:57

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

Published on: December 8, 2011

33.2K
Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria
08:53

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Published on: May 25, 2022

5.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
08:53

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Published on: December 4, 2020

7.8K
Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis
07:57

Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

Published on: December 8, 2011

33.2K
Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria
08:53

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Published on: May 25, 2022

5.4K

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Vulvovaginitis (VV) is a frequent gynecological complaint.
  • Many patients self-treat, leading to delayed or failed treatment upon seeking medical advice.
  • Recurrent or refractory VV, including vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis, incurs significant costs and morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of diagnostic capabilities for vulvovaginitis.
  • To review current treatment modalities for recurrent and refractory episodes of VV.
  • To address common causes like vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in VV diagnostics.
  • Analysis of current treatment guidelines and emerging therapies for VV.
  • Focus on management strategies for persistent and recurrent cases.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic techniques for VV have advanced, improving accuracy.
  • Several treatment options exist for recurrent and refractory VV.
  • Effective management requires accurate diagnosis and tailored therapeutic approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective VV management.
  • Current treatment modalities offer solutions for recurrent and refractory VV.
  • Further research may enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes for VV.