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How many memory systems? Evidence from aging.

D B Mitchell1

  • 1Psychology Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|January 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary
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Older adults show memory decline in episodic memory but not semantic or procedural memory, supporting a tripartite memory model. Age differences in episodic memory were similar across conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Development

Background:

  • Tulving's (1985) ternary memory theory proposes distinct memory systems.
  • Understanding age-related memory changes is crucial for cognitive health.
  • Previous research suggests varying impacts of aging on different memory types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test Tulving's tripartite memory model.
  • To investigate age-related differences in procedural, semantic, and episodic memory.
  • To examine the effects of repetition, lag, and codability on memory performance in young and older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Participants: Young (19-32 years) and older (63-80 years) adults.
  • Tasks: Procedural, semantic, and episodic memory tests, including a picture-naming task with manipulated repetition, lag, and codability.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis: Factor analysis of 11 memory measures.

    • Main Results:

    • Older adults showed lower episodic memory (recall, recognition) but similar improvements with lag and repetition compared to young adults.
    • No age-related deficits were found in semantic memory or procedural memory.
    • Codability impacted semantic memory negatively (slower naming, more errors) but episodic memory positively (better recall, recognition).

    Conclusions:

    • Findings support Tulving's tripartite memory model, dissociating episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.
    • Episodic memory is more susceptible to aging than semantic or procedural memory.
    • Memory task parameters like codability can influence performance across different memory systems.