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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Histone content increases in differentiating embryonic stem cells.

Theodoros Karnavas1, Luisa Pintonello2, Alessandra Agresti3

  • 1Chromatin Dynamics Unit, San Raffaele University and Research Institute Milan, Italy ; HMGBiotech Srl Milan, Italy.

Frontiers in Physiology
|September 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Total histone content increases during cell differentiation, differing between pluripotent and differentiated cells. This suggests histone quantity, not just modifications, is a key marker of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells.

Keywords:
Histonesdevelopmentdifferentiationembryonic stem cells (ESCs)epigenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells crucial for development.
  • ESCs possess a unique epigenetic landscape and decondensed chromatin.
  • Histone modifications are known hallmarks of pluripotency, but total histone content remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether total histone content differs between pluripotent and differentiated cells.
  • To determine if changes in histone content correlate with differentiation capacity.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of total histone content in ESCs versus differentiated cells (Embryoid Bodies, neuronal, endodermal cells).
  • Analysis of histone content in primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) compared to ESCs.

Main Results:

  • Total histone content is significantly higher in differentiated cells compared to pluripotent ESCs.
  • Both spontaneous (EB formation) and directed differentiation (neuronal, endodermal) led to increased histone content.
  • Primary MEFs also exhibited higher total histone content than ESCs.

Conclusions:

  • Total histone content is not constant and varies with cell differentiation state.
  • Increased histone content represents an additional hallmark of pluripotency, complementing known histone modifications.