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To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Isomerism in Complexes
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Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Solid-state structural studies of chromium(III) nicotinato nutritional supplements.

T H Nguyen Pham1, Jade B Aitken, Aviva Levina

  • 1School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.

Inorganic Chemistry
|September 16, 2014
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Summary

Chromium(III) nicotinato supplements, used in complementary medicine, were structurally characterized for the first time. These nutritional supplements are nicotinato-bridged polymers of dihydroxido-bridged dinuclear chromium(III) cores.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Chromium(III) supplements are widely consumed for health benefits.
  • Structural characterization of commercial chromium(III) nicotinato supplements is lacking.
  • These supplements are utilized in complementary medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To definitively characterize the structure of chromium(III) nicotinato nutritional supplements.
  • To elucidate the coordination chemistry of chromium(III) with nicotinic acid.
  • To understand the structural variations based on preparation conditions.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), specifically Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) with multiple-scattering analysis.
  • Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
  • UV-visible (UV-vis) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopies.

Main Results:

  • Chromium(III) nicotinato complexes were characterized as nicotinato-bridged polymers of dihydroxido-bridged dinuclear chromium(III) cores.
  • The patented complex features octahedral chromium with terminal and bridging nicotinato ligands and an aqua ligand.
  • Structural variations, including bridging nicotinato ligands and hydroxido ligands, depend on reactant stoichiometry and pH.

Conclusions:

  • The first definitive structural characterization of chromium(III) nicotinato complexes in nutritional supplements has been achieved.
  • The study reveals the polymeric nature and specific coordination environments within these complexes.
  • Understanding the structure-property relationships is crucial for the efficacy and safety of chromium(III) supplements.