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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions01:27

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Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
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An antagonist is a drug that binds strongly to a receptor without activating it. An antagonist prevents other molecules, such as neurotransmitters or hormones, from binding to the receptor and triggering a cellular response. Such interaction effectively hinders the normal physiological processes mediated by the receptor, resulting in various pharmacological effects depending on the specific receptor targeted.
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PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
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Ketamine: repurposing and redefining a multifaceted drug.

David E Potter, Mahua Choudhury

    Drug Discovery Today
    |September 17, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ketamine shows promise as a rapid antidepressant and versatile pain reliever, moving beyond its anesthetic use. Research indicates its therapeutic potential may involve NMDA receptor inhibition and epigenetic factors like microRNA regulation.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Neuroscience
    • Clinical Research

    Background:

    • Ketamine, initially a dissociative anesthetic, has a history of misuse.
    • Recent research explores its therapeutic applications for pain and depression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review clinical and basic research on ketamine's therapeutic utility.
    • To highlight ketamine's role as a rapid-acting antidepressant and versatile analgesic.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent clinical and basic research.
    • Analysis of ketamine's pharmacological actions, including NMDA receptor inhibition.
    • Exploration of potential epigenetic mechanisms like microRNA regulation.

    Main Results:

    • Ketamine demonstrates efficacy as a rapid-acting antidepressant.

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  • Ketamine is a versatile agent for managing various types of pain.
  • Evidence suggests diverse actions beyond NMDA receptor antagonism, potentially involving epigenetic pathways.

    • Conclusions:

    • Ketamine is emerging as a significant therapeutic agent for treatment-resistant depression and pain.
    • Its pharmacological profile is complex, involving NMDA receptors and possibly epigenetic modifications.
    • Ketamine represents a key development in the pharmacology of depression and pain management.