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Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

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Time-division multiplexing for myoelectric closed-loop control using electrotactile feedback.

Strahinja Dosen, Marie-Caroline Schaeffer, Dario Farina¹

¹Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. dario.farina@bccn.uni-goettingen.de.

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation

|September 17, 2014

Summary

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) enables closed-loop myoelectric control with electrotactile feedback. An optimal feedback window duration of 100 ms balances perception quality and command updates for effective prosthetic integration.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

Restoring sensory feedback in myoelectric prostheses is crucial for improved user integration and function.
Electrotactile stimulation offers a pathway for sensory feedback but interferes with myoelectric signal recording.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) separates stimulation and recording into distinct time windows to mitigate interference.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of feedback window (FW) duration in TDM on perception and control in myoelectric prostheses.
To evaluate the feasibility of TDM for closed-loop myoelectric control systems.

Main Methods:

A closed-loop compensatory tracking task was employed with nine subjects.
Myocontrol with electrotactile stimulation was tested using TDM with varying FW durations (40 ms, 100 ms, 300 ms) and continuous recording (CONT-CLT).
Tracking quality was assessed using cross-correlation coefficient, time delay, root mean square error, and overshoot.

Main Results:

Continuous recording (CONT-CLT) yielded the best control performance across all measures.
Time-division multiplexing with a 40 ms FW resulted in the poorest performance.
No significant difference was observed between 100 ms and 300 ms FW durations, both showing high tracking quality (CCCOEF ~0.95).
A 100 ms FW duration appeared to be the optimal trade-off between perceptual quality and command update rate.

Conclusions:

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a viable and practical approach for closed-loop myoelectric control.
TDM is a software-only solution with minimal performance impact when appropriate FW durations are used.
Burst-like stimulation delivery via TDM may reduce user habituation to sensory feedback.