Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: causes and consequences

Area of Science:

• Neurobiology
• Genetics
• Psychopathology

Background:

• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common comorbidity in Tourette syndrome (TS).
• Co-occurrence of ADHD and TS often results in increased social and psychopathological impairment.
• The pathogenesis of comorbid ADHD and TS is complex, involving genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent neurobiological advances in ADHD and TS.
• To provide a basis for understanding the common pathogenesis of ADHD and TS comorbidity.
• To inform therapeutic choices for patients with co-occurring ADHD and TS.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent advances in the neurobiology of ADHD and TS.
• Analysis of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors implicated in both disorders.
• Examination of neural networks involved in ADHD and TS.

Main Results:

• Genetic studies suggest involvement of dopaminergic, catecholaminergic, and GABAergic genes.
• Neural networks implicated involve cortical, striatal, and basal ganglia areas.
• The exact common pathogenic pathways for ADHD and TS remain unclear, with potential epigenetic involvement.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the complex common pathogenesis of ADHD and TS is crucial.
• Recent neurobiological insights offer a foundation for comprehending the frequent co-occurrence of these conditions.
• This review aids in understanding therapeutic strategies for comorbid ADHD and TS.