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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

Responses to Salt Stress

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Published on: March 5, 2017

Vernalization mediated changes in the Lolium perenne transcriptome.

Cristiana Paina¹, Stephen L Byrne¹, Cristian Domnisoru²

¹Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.

|September 17, 2014

Summary

Vernalization is crucial for perennial ryegrass flowering. RNA sequencing revealed key genes and pathways involved in floral induction, highlighting differences in cold response and photoperiod regulation between genotypes.

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Laser-Capture Microdissection RNA-Sequencing for Spatial and Temporal Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Analysis in Plants

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Published on: August 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Plant Science
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Vernalization, a period of cold exposure, is essential for inducing flowering in many temperate plant species, including perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying vernalization is critical for improving crop management and breeding strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the transcriptomic changes occurring during primary and secondary induction phases in perennial ryegrass genotypes with contrasting vernalization requirements.
To identify genes and pathways involved in the promotion and repression of floral induction in response to cold and photoperiod cues.

Main Methods:

RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was employed to analyze the transcriptome of two perennial ryegrass genotypes with differing vernalization needs.
Samples were collected during primary induction (vernalization and short days) and secondary induction (higher temperature and long days).

Main Results:

Differential gene expression revealed transcripts associated with floral induction, including both flowering promotion and repression.
Similarities and genotype-specific differences were observed in cold response, carbohydrate metabolism, and photoperiod regulation pathways.
Components of the photoperiod pathway were regulated during vernalization, suggesting crosstalk between vernalization and photoperiod signaling.

Conclusions:

The study provides a comprehensive transcriptomic overview of the vegetative to reproductive phase transition in perennial ryegrass.
Insights into the interplay between vernalization, cold response, and photoperiod pathways were gained.
This research contributes to understanding the genetic basis of flowering time regulation in perennial ryegrass.