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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Continuous phosphorus removal from water by physicochemical method using zero valent iron packed column.

Joo-Young Jeong1, Byoung-Min Ahn1, Yu-Jin Kim1

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
|September 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates an electrochemical method using zero valent iron (ZVI) and silica sand to remove phosphorus from wastewater. The ZVI reactor effectively reduces phosphorus, meeting effluent standards with an optimal hydraulic retention time.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Engineering
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Excessive phosphorus in aquatic systems leads to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.
  • Wastewater treatment plants often struggle to remove phosphorus to meet stringent environmental regulations.
  • Developing efficient and cost-effective phosphorus removal methods is crucial for aquatic ecosystem health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of an electrochemical method using zero valent iron (ZVI) and silica sand for phosphorus removal from wastewater.
  • To determine optimal operational parameters for phosphorus removal in a continuous flow reactor.
  • To assess the performance of the ZVI packed reactor for both low and high concentrations of phosphorus.

Main Methods:

  • A continuous flow cylindrical column reactor was packed with spherical zero valent iron (ZVI) and silica sand at a 1:2 volume ratio.
  • An external electric potential was applied and varied as needed for phosphorus removal.
  • Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) and evaluate performance at different phosphorus concentrations.

Main Results:

  • An optimal hydraulic retention time of 36 minutes was identified for laboratory-scale phosphorus removal to meet effluent standards.
  • Low phosphorus concentrations (<10 mg/L) were effectively removed by passive precipitation with ZVI, without requiring external electric potential.
  • High phosphorus concentrations (around 150 mg/L) required an applied electric potential of 600 V for efficient removal, likely forming FeHPO4 precipitates at neutral pH.

Conclusions:

  • The ZVI packed reactor serves as an effective filter for phosphorus removal from wastewater, particularly for concentrations below 10 mg/L.
  • The electrochemical approach enhances phosphorus removal efficiency, especially for higher influent concentrations.
  • This method offers a viable solution for mitigating phosphorus pollution and preventing eutrophication in aquatic environments.