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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Feedback Loops

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Proofreading

Proofreading

What are Second Messengers?

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

The authors reply

Graeme MacLaren¹, Song Lou, Warwick Butt

¹Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, National University Health System, Singapore Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

Critical Care Medicine

|September 17, 2014

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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