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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation
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The neural crest: a versatile organ system.

Dongcheng Zhang1, Samiramis Ighaniyan, Lefteris Stathopoulos

  • 1Embryology Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute.

Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today : Reviews
|September 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The neural crest, a versatile cell population, is crucial for development and forms many tissues. Its study aids understanding of birth defects and cancers, offering therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
cell migrationneural crestneurocristopathyprogenitor cell

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • The neural crest is a transient, multipotent cell population in vertebrate embryos.
  • These cells originate at the neural plate border and migrate extensively.
  • Neural crest cells differentiate into diverse cell types, including neurons, glia, and pigment cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the neural crest's significance as the 'fourth germ layer'.
  • To underscore its importance in developmental biology research due to extensive migration and differentiation.
  • To explore its relevance in studying human diseases and potential cell therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established developmental biology principles.
  • Analysis of neural crest cell migration and differentiation processes.
  • Examination of clinical implications in neurocristopathies and oncology.

Main Results:

  • Neural crest cells contribute to nearly every organ system.
  • Defects in neural crest development lead to various birth defects (neurocristopathies).
  • Neural crest tumors, like melanoma and neuroblastoma, are clinically significant.

Conclusions:

  • The neural crest is a vital model for studying cell migration, differentiation, and development.
  • Research into neural crest progenitor cells offers insights into disease mechanisms.
  • Potential for cell-based therapeutics targeting neural crest-related disorders and cancers.