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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Metallic Solids02:37

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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A new carbon phase constructed by long-range ordered carbon clusters from compressing C70 solvates.

Wen Cui1, Mingguang Yao, Shijie Liu

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized a novel ordered amorphous carbon cluster (OACC) structure from compressed C70 *m-xylene, revealing exceptional hardness and a new pressure-induced structural transition.

Keywords:
C70*m-xyleneamorphous carbon clustershigh hardnesshigh pressurephase transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Fullerenes like C60 and C70 are unique carbon allotropes with potential for novel material synthesis.
  • Compressing fullerene compounds can lead to the formation of new carbon structures with unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a new ordered amorphous carbon cluster (OACC) structure using C70.
  • To investigate the structural transitions of C70 *m-xylene under high pressure.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure synthesis by compressing C70 *m-xylene.
  • Structural characterization of the resulting material.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of an ordered amorphous carbon cluster (OACC) structure with highly deformed/collapsed C70 building blocks.
  • Observation of a new structural transition in C70 *m-xylene at pressures above 30 GPa.
  • The synthesized OACC exhibits exceptionally high hardness.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the formation of a novel, ultra-hard carbon material from C70 under pressure.
  • A distinct pressure-induced structural transition occurs in C70 *m-xylene, differing from C60 *m-xylene.