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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Technique and Considerations in the Use of 4x1 Ring High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation HD-tDCS
Published on: July 14, 2013
[Keep an eye on the side effects]
1Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
Abstract:
A 52-year-old man presented with a progressive grey-black pigmentation of facial skin, sclera and teeth. The cause was long-term ingestion of minocycline, as confirmed by history and skin biopsy. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation can be divided into four main patterns based on clinical appearance, distribution, light- and electron microscopic characteristics. Some patterns can manifest within weeks of initiating therapy. One must be alert to the early signs and warn the patient about the often cosmetically disturbing and persistent minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation.
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