Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

10.3K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
10.3K
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

9
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
9
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

40.4K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
40.4K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

13.0K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
13.0K
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

16
Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
16
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

16
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
16

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The PET tracer [<sup>11</sup>C]MODAG-005 targets alpha-synuclein aggregates in the brain.

Science translational medicine·2026
Same author

Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the mammalian inner ear: a scoping review.

Hearing research·2026
Same author

Early tinnitus burden and subjective hearing are candidate markers of 2-year quality of life after cochlear implantation in single-sided deafness.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026
Same author

Divergent myeloid and lymphoid immune landscapes in HPV/p16 positive and HPV/p16 negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and their lymph node metastases.

Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

A Comparison of 11 Clinical Risk Scores for Prediction of Survival After Curative-Intent Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026
Same author

Real-time breath metabolomics as catalyst for personalized lung cancer diagnostics: prospective matched case-control trial (LUCAbreath).

Translational lung cancer research·2026
Same journal

Combined Olfactory Testing and Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity for Diagnostic Differentiation of Parkinson's Disease.

European neurology·2026
Same journal

The Role of Stroke Severity in the Association between Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio and Futile Reperfusion after Endovascular Treatment.

European neurology·2026
Same journal

The Parkinsonism of Salvador Dalí.

European neurology·2026
Same journal

Disorders of Arousal and Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy in Adults: A Challenging but Necessary and Critical Distinctive Diagnosis.

European neurology·2026
Same journal

Sex-Specific Phenotypic Characteristics in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Comprehensive Analysis of Anthropometric, Hematological, and Metabolic Profiles Stratified by Disease Severity.

European neurology·2026
Same journal

Historical and Clinical Analysis of a Case of Progressive Muscular Atrophy (1853-1871).

European neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.4K

MRI study: objective olfactory function and CNS pathologies in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Franca Holinski1, Felix Schmidt, Sarah B Dahlslett

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

European Neurology
|September 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions reduce olfactory bulb volume, impairing smell function. This study links reduced olfactory bulb size and increased olfactory brain lesions to objective olfactory deficits in MS patients.

More Related Videos

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

25.7K
A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

9.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.4K
Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

25.7K
A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

9.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Olfactory research

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system (CNS) disease causing physical and cognitive impairments.
  • Olfactory dysfunction affects 15-38.5% of MS patients, detectable via psychophysical testing.
  • Olfactometry provides objective assessment of olfactory sensory nerve function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between olfactory bulb volume, olfactory brain lesion load, and objective olfactory function in MS patients.
  • To determine if MS-related brain damage impacts olfactory bulb size and olfactory function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of clinical, olfactory (chemosensory evoked potentials), and MRI data from 20 MS patients.
  • Assessment included olfactory bulb (BO) and olfactory brain (OB) volumes and CNS lesion data.
  • Correlations were drawn between olfactory bulb/brain metrics and olfactory evoked potentials.

Main Results:

  • 25% of MS patients presented with hyposmia (reduced sense of smell).
  • Higher OB lesion volumes and smaller BO volumes were observed in hyposmic patients.
  • Reduced BO volume correlated with longer H2S latencies (p = 0.025), indicating impaired olfactory nerve function.

Conclusions:

  • MS-related brain damage, including reduced olfactory bulb volume, leads to increased chemosensory potential latencies.
  • Objective olfactory function testing reveals deficits in MS patients linked to olfactory bulb size and olfactory brain lesion load.
  • The study confirms a relationship between olfactory bulb volume, olfactory brain lesions, and olfactory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.