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Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Definition Diabetes insipidus is a disorder marked by the production of large amounts of dilute urine because of impaired vasopressin production, release, or kidney response. The lack of effective vasopressin action limits water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts, which leads to excessive urinary water loss and intense thirst.Clinical PresentationIndividuals with diabetes insipidus report persistent thirst and very high urine output. In severe cases, fluid intake can reach up to 20...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Iodine deficiency in children.

Elizabeth N Pearce1

  • 1Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA.

Endocrine Development
|September 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, crucial for growth and neurodevelopment. Iodine deficiency affects millions globally, posing risks like impaired cognitive development, making prevention vital.

Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Iodine is an essential trace mineral vital for thyroid hormone synthesis.
  • Thyroid hormones are critical for normal growth and neurodevelopment from fetal life through childhood.
  • Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) encompass goiter, hypothyroidism, impaired growth, and preventable intellectual deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of iodine for thyroid hormone production.
  • To outline the health consequences of iodine deficiency.
  • To discuss methods for assessing iodine status and strategies for prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Population iodine status is commonly assessed via median urinary iodine concentration.
  • Other assessment methods include goiter prevalence, serum thyroglobulin, and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.

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  • Public health interventions primarily involve universal salt iodization and targeted food fortification.

    • Main Results:

    • Despite global efforts, approximately one-third of children worldwide remain at risk of iodine deficiency.
    • Iodine deficiency is the leading preventable cause of intellectual deficits.
    • Targeted supplementation may be necessary for vulnerable groups in certain regions.

    Conclusions:

    • Ensuring adequate iodine intake is critical for public health, particularly for fetal and childhood neurodevelopment.
    • Universal salt iodization remains a cornerstone strategy, supplemented by food fortification and targeted supplementation where needed.
    • Continued efforts are essential to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders globally and prevent associated cognitive impairments.