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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.

Andrew J Bauer1

  • 1The Thyroid Center, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA.

Endocrine Development
|September 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid nodules and cancer are rising, especially in children, who have a higher malignancy risk. Early diagnosis and specialized care are vital for excellent outcomes in pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Increasing incidence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer globally.
  • Radiological imaging advancements significantly contribute to detection rates.
  • Pediatric patients (≤18 years) face a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of malignancy compared to adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding of pediatric thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).
  • To highlight the increased malignancy risk in pediatric patients.
  • To emphasize the need for specialized care and guidelines for pediatric DTC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of patient history, including medical and family history.
  • Diagnostic tools: thyroid ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
  • Analysis of pediatric thyroid nodule characteristics and comparison to adult data.

Main Results:

  • The majority of pediatric thyroid nodules are benign, but malignancy risk is elevated.
  • Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), primarily papillary, is the most common pediatric thyroid cancer.
  • Prognosis for pediatric DTC is excellent with proper management, but risks of complications and recurrence are notable.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric thyroid nodules require thorough evaluation due to higher malignancy potential.
  • Development of pediatric-specific guidelines for thyroid nodules and DTC is crucial.
  • Establishing expert centers is vital for optimizing care and understanding pediatric DTC morbidity.